Understanding optics with Python-CRC Press (2017)

guwei0913

Understanding optics with Python目录如下，不知道大家在光学设计时是否会用到？
Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................ xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Python..........................................................1
1.1 Why Python?.................................................................1
1.2 Python Setup .................................................................2
1.2.1 Which Distribution Do We Need?......................2
1.2.2 Installing Anaconda............................................3
1.2.3 The Anaconda Navigator ...................................3
1.2.3.1 How to Start Anaconda Navigator ......4
1.2.3.2 Jupyter/IPython QtConsole ................4
1.2.3.3 Spyder..................................................5
1.3 Coding with Jupyter/IPython QtConsole......................6
1.3.1 Comments...........................................................6
1.3.2 Hello World! .......................................................7
1.3.3 Use Python As a Calculator...............................7
1.3.3.1 Numbers ..............................................7
1.3.3.2 Values and Types.................................8
1.3.4 Variables and Reserved Keywords ......................9
1.3.4.1 Variables ..............................................9
1.3.4.2 Keywords ...........................................10
1.3.5 Container Types ...............................................10
1.3.5.1 Strings................................................11
1.3.5.2 Lists ...................................................15
1.3.5.3 Tuples ................................................17
1.3.5.4 Dictionaries........................................18
1.3.6 Control Structures ............................................19
1.3.6.1 Condition Checking ...........................19
1.3.6.2 The if/elif/else Construction .............20
1.3.6.3 The for/range Loop ...........................20
1.3.6.4 The while Loop..................................21
1.3.6.5 Continue and Break...........................21
1.4 Modules and Scripts.....................................................22
1.4.1 Modules ............................................................22
1.4.2 Write and Run Python Scripts with Spyder.....23
1.4.3 Defining Functions............................................23
1.4.4 Classes ..............................................................25
1.5 Widely Used Python Libraries for Science and
Engineering ..................................................................26
1.5.1 Numerical Python Library: NumPy.................26
1.5.1.1 Creating Numpy Arrays ....................26
1.5.1.2 Using Array-Generating Functions ....27
1.5.1.3 Index Slicing ......................................29
1.5.1.4 Read/Write Data...............................30
1.5.2 Data Visualization Python
Library: matplotlib...........................................31
1.5.2.1 Getting Started..................................31
1.5.2.2 Multiple Axes ....................................32
1.5.2.3 Basic Text Commands.......................33
1.5.2.4 Line and Marker Styles......................33
1.5.3 Scientific Python Library: scipy .......................35
1.5.3.1 Special Functions ...............................36
1.5.3.2 Bessel Functions ................................36
1.5.3.3 Fresnel Integrals.................................37
1.5.3.4 Interpolation ......................................39
1.6 Conclusion....................................................................40
Chapter 2 GUI Programming with Python and Qt..............................41
2.1 First Steps in GUI Application using PyQt5...............41
2.1.1 Importing PyQt5 and Creating a PyQt5
Window ............................................................41
2.1.2 PyQt Classes ....................................................43
2.1.2.1 PyQT Application Structure .............43
2.1.2.2 Widgets, Events, and Signals.............44
2.1.2.3 QLabel ...............................................44
2.1.2.4 QPushButton.....................................46
2.1.2.5 QSpinBox...........................................48
2.1.2.6 QSlider...............................................51
2.2 The Qt Designer ..........................................................54
2.2.1 The Qt Designer Window.................................55
2.2.2 The Property Editor.........................................55
2.2.3 Layout ..............................................................56
2.2.4 Qt Designer Preview.........................................56
2.2.5 Qt Ui File .........................................................57
2.2.6 Matplotlib Widget............................................58
2.2.7 An Example: Fraunhoffer Diffraction...............59
2.2.8 Conversion from UI file to Python Code ..........61
2.2.8.1 Using Line Command ........................62
2.2.8.2 Using a Python Code.........................63
2.2.9 The Application: Fraunhofer Diffraction..........69
2.3 Coding GUI Elements ..................................................73
2.4 Conclusion....................................................................73
Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Waves ........................................................75
3.1 Introduction .................................................................75
3.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves........75
3.3 Wave Equation.............................................................76
3.4 Poynting Vector ...........................................................82
3.5 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity..............................83
3.6 Harmonic Waves ..........................................................85
3.7 Python Code for Drawing a Wave ...............................86
Chapter 4 Radiometry and Photometry ...............................................93
4.1 Radiometry ..................................................................93
4.2 Photometry ..................................................................96
Chapter 5 Fermat’s Principle, Reflection, and Refraction .................. 103
5.1 Introduction ............................................................... 103
5.2 Fermat’s Principle...................................................... 103
5.3 Reflection ................................................................... 104
5.3.1 Plane Mirrors.................................................. 105
5.4 Fresnel Reflection....................................................... 106
5.5 Refraction and Snell’s Law ........................................ 107
5.5.1 Apparent Depth.............................................. 111
5.5.2 Glass Slab....................................................... 113
5.6 The Ray Equation...................................................... 114
Chapter 6 Lenses and Mirrors ............................................................ 119
6.1 Introduction ............................................................... 119
6.2 Sign Convention ......................................................... 119
6.3 Paraxial Approximation............................................. 120
6.4 Refractive Power of a Spherical Surface..................... 120
6.5 Focal Lengths............................................................. 122
6.6 Ray Diagrams ............................................................ 123
6.7 Magnification ............................................................. 123
6.8 Lensmaker’s Formula ................................................. 130
6.9 Image Formation by Lenses ....................................... 131
6.10 Newton’s Formula ...................................................... 133
6.11 Spherical Mirrors ....................................................... 134
Chapter 7 Thick Lenses and Lens Systems......................................... 137
7.1 Cardinal Points .......................................................... 137
7.1.1 Focal Points.................................................... 138
7.1.2 Principal Points .............................................. 141
7.1.3 Nodal Planes .................................................. 145
7.2 Multiple Refracting Surfaces...................................... 146
Chapter 8 Polarization........................................................................ 151
8.1 Linear Polarization..................................................... 151
8.2 Circular Polarization.................................................. 155
8.3 Elliptical Polarization ................................................ 157
8.4 Malus’s Law............................................................... 168
8.5 Jones Vector............................................................... 169
8.5.1 Linear Polarization ......................................... 170
8.5.2 Circular Polarization ...................................... 170
8.5.3 Elliptical Polarization ..................................... 172
8.6 Jones Matrices ........................................................... 173
8.6.1 Linear Polarizer .............................................. 173
8.6.2 Half-Wave and Quarter-Wave Plates.............. 174
8.6.3 Circular Polarization ...................................... 176
8.6.4 Elliptical Polarization ..................................... 177
8.7 Optical Rotation ........................................................ 178
Chapter 9 Interference ........................................................................ 179
9.1 Generalities ................................................................ 179
9.1.1 Necessary Conditions...................................... 179
9.1.1.1 Polarization...................................... 183
9.1.1.2 Waves Identically Polarized ............. 185
9.1.1.3 Asynchronous Waves with
Constant Initial Phase Shift ............ 185
9.1.1.4 SynchronousWaves with Constant
Initial Phase Shift............................ 186
9.1.1.5 Synchronous Waves with Random
Initial Phase Shift............................ 187
9.1.1.6 SynchronousWaves with Constant
Initial Phase Shift and Arbitrary
Polarization...................................... 188
9.1.1.7 Fringe Width ................................... 189
9.1.2 Beat and Propagation Velocity....................... 190
9.1.2.1 Group Velocity and Phase
Velocity............................................ 194
9.2 Wavefront Division..................................................... 196
9.2.1 Young Double Slits ......................................... 196
9.2.1.1 Optical Path Difference and Phase
Shift ................................................. 197
9.2.1.2 Slits of Arbitrary Width .................. 198
9.2.1.3 Infinitely Thin Slits and Fringe
Width .............................................. 200
9.2.1.4 Contrast or Visibility....................... 201
9.2.1.5 Fringe Orientation ........................... 203
9.2.2 Lloyd Mirror .................................................. 203
9.2.2.1 OPD and Phase Shift ...................... 205
9.2.3 Fresnel Mirrors ............................................... 207
9.2.3.1 OPD and Phase Shift ...................... 208
9.2.4 Fresnel Biprism............................................... 211
9.2.4.1 OPD and Phase Shift ...................... 213
9.2.5 Billet Bilens .................................................... 216
9.2.5.1 OPD and Phase Shift ...................... 217
9.2.6 Meslin Lenses ................................................. 221
9.3 Amplitude Division ................................................... 221
9.3.1 Parallel-Faced Plates ..................................... 222
9.3.1.1 General Considerations.................... 222
9.3.1.2 Glass Plates ..................................... 224
9.3.2 Corners ........................................................... 230
9.3.2.1 Newton’s Rings ................................ 230
9.3.2.2 Prismatic Plates............................... 235
9.3.3 Michelson Interferometer ................................ 241
9.3.3.1 Fringes of Equal Inclination............. 242
9.3.3.2 Fringes of Equal Thickness .............. 244
9.3.4 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer ........................ 249
9.3.5 Fabry–Perot Interferometer ............................ 256
9.3.5.1 Interferometer Efficiency.................. 264
Chapter 10 Coherence ......................................................................... 271
10.1 Spatial Coherence ...................................................... 272
10.1.1 Double Mirrors ............................................... 272
10.1.2 Broad Slit ....................................................... 276
10.2 Temporal Coherence .................................................. 279
10.2.1 White Light .................................................... 280
10.2.2 Finite Number of Wavelengths ....................... 280
10.2.3 Rectangular Continuum Spectra .................... 283
10.2.4 Gaussian Profile.............................................. 285
Chapter 11 Diffraction.......................................................................... 291
11.1 Fraunhofer Diffraction................................................ 291
11.1.1 Rectangular Aperture..................................... 291
11.1.2 Single Slit ....................................................... 298
11.1.3 Double Slit...................................................... 299
11.1.3.1 Two Slits of Different Widths .......... 299
11.1.3.2 Two Identical Slits: Young Double Slits.................................................. 303
11.1.4 Diffraction Grating ......................................... 304
11.1.5 Circular Aperture ........................................... 309
11.1.5.1 Point Source .................................... 310
11.1.5.2 Rayleigh Criteria ............................. 311
11.2 Fresnel Diffraction...................................................... 317
11.2.1 Fresnel Integrals ............................................. 317
11.2.1.1 Diffracted Intensity.......................... 317
11.2.1.2 Fresnel Integrals Properties ............. 320
11.2.2 Clothoid.......................................................... 323
11.2.2.1 Clothoid Properties.......................... 323
11.2.2.2 Diffraction by a Single Slit .............. 327
11.2.2.3 Diffraction by an Edge..................... 333
11.2.3 Diffraction by a Single Slit ............................. 337
11.2.4 Diffraction by an Edge ................................... 340
Appendix A Fresnel Integrals................................................................. 347
Index.......................................................................................... 353

guwei0913

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